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武漢大學 2015年博士學位研究生外語綜合水平考試試題
武漢大學 2015年博士學位研究生外語綜合水平考試試題 一、閱讀理解 c%=IL M4 Justice in society must include both a fairtrial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for thoseproven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressionsthe idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament isthe expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is,the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. Tomake up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doingan equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected inmany parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It isillustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committedmurder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealistHegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishmentequal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions deniedhis true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract thisdenial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing lessthan giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is aright the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. xQUu|gtL4 9W(dmde> Modern jurists have tried to replace retributivejustice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not toabandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual torealize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially illand in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member ofsociety. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocialbehavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be madeto have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanentlyseparated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals willescape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It meansthat justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. Ifsevere punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it shouldbe administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity toassume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive himof the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
8']9$# F7Zwh5W 1. The best title for this selection is （ ） jYe'V#5S# A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime gG/!,Q.Qh B. Approaches to Just Punishment ^<e.]F25M C. Improvement in Legal Justice =Q.^c. sw D. Attaining Justice in the Courts 7}X[
4("bB b#X^=n2 2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （ ） . # 5f-`~^C{ A. type of crime that was proven ayiu,DXx B. severity for the punishment p\<u6v ~
J C. reason for the sentence 5O\*h;U 6 D. outcome of the trial JYTP
2 M8tRjNWS? 3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（ ）. .FLy;_f+ A. forced brain surgery YGrg B. whipping 7x @A%2 J C. solitary confinement U-|NY D. the electric chair 9^j &V mF R=|{n'n$0| 4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to （ ）. ( vca&wI! A. prove，that equality demands just punishment PbmDNKEh{ B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law v&=gF/$ C. give moral backing to retributive justice ZSG9t2qlv D. prove that man has long been interested in justice
`b^Ru+(dM JhLgCn m "In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing somefeat." o}$ EG *3?'4"B{8 This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished. R.yC(r *亚洲国产精品va在线观看麻豆
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