2011年華科博士英語真題

華中科技大學2011年招收博士研究生入學考試試題

Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）
Directions：In thispart you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Writeyour answers on the answer sheet.
Tourism develops culture. It broadens thethinking of the traveler and leads to culture   1   between the hosts and guests from far-off places, This can benefit thelocals, since tourists bring culture 2 them.
Tourism may help to preserve indigenouscustoms.   3 traditional shows, parades, celebrations andfestivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theaters and otherkinds of nightlife are    4   supported by tourists. Such events mightdisappear without the stimulus of tourism    5   them.
On the other hand, tourism often contributesto the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples andsimilar places of worship are    6   as tourist attractions. This can be    7   the expense of their original function: how many believers want toworship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would want to pray    8   curious onlookers shuffle to and fro withguide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands?
Tourism may bring other indirect culturalconsequences in its    9   .Tensions which already exist betweenancient and more modem ways may be deepened by tourists’ ignorance of 10    customs and beliefs. Tourists, if notactually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former maytherefore feel superior 11 the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles.The result maybe an inferior feeling which   12 helps the sense of identity which is soimportant to regional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worsewhen 13 with the comfortable hotel environmentinhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75years, may well 14 resentment in Sierra Leone, where the localpopulation can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperityof tourists may 15 crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer toact as “professional friends”—guides, companions or longer get wages that wayso they 16 to petty stealing from the localpopulace, All this affects the local social life and culture 17 .Culturalerosion can also take place at more 18 levels. Greek villagerstraditionally 19 themselves on their hospitality. Theywould 20 travelers for free, feeding them andlistening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That haschanged now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprisingif the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teacher’smonthly salary.
1. A. Conflict    B.contact        C. concern          D.constraint
2. A. with    B.to             C. over              D. by
3. A. like that     B.if when      C. as if               D. as when
4. A. largely   B.extremely       C. positively            D.totally
5. A. entertain     B.retain    C. maintain           D.pertain
6. A. considered    B.taken     C. treated        D. made
7.  A. for       B. at         C.in         D. to
8.  A. how       B. that      C. while     D. when
9.  A. sake       B. wake     C.sense      D.cost
10. A. regional    B. native     C. territorial D. local
11. A. making      B. allowing   C. ignoring  D. leaving
12. A. hardly      B. seldom    C.usually   D. sometimes
13. A. compared   B. contrasted   C. related  D. associated
14. A. generate    B. produce   C. make   D. leave
15. A. increase     B. enhance   C. encourage D. ascend
16. A. go       B. turn       C.alter       D. change
17. A. hostilely     B. reciprocally   C.conversely   D. adversely
18. A. minor       B. small       C.subtle       D. micro
19. A. prided       B. famed   C.sang       D. claimed
20. A. put on      B. put up     C. put down    D. put off
Pare Ⅱ  Reading comprehension (20×2=40％)
Directions: There are four passages in thispart. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the bestanswer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage One
Globalization is a phenomenon that has beenaffecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of theglobal system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of globalmarkets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions hasbrought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic mattersamong states that have not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respectfor and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies arestill fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democraticpractices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment tothe democratic and constitutional framework.
The rise of global economic networks hasled to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies suchas the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitutea new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states findincreasingly difficult to ignore, The established international politicalorganizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness.
Predictions that the phenomenon ofglobalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as themobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and humanrights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The roleof human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure thatglobalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case thatfreedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainablehuman and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turnsupport the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.
With the demand for global trade to go handin hand with global responsibility, international financial institutions arecoming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply tofacilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development,including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations havealso been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility inthe areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have animpact. Transparency in the operations of such compardes is becomingincreasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more andmore accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse andnumerous. The pursuit of “shareholdersvalue” means that there is score to ensure that the investor－citizen has a say in the way that companies conductthemselves.
The task for those promoting freeexpression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and toharness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they notonly take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocaladvocates for such rights.
21. All of the following is not ture accordingto the first paragraph EXCEPT
A. Globalization has been developingsystematically for several decades
B. Protection of human rights hasn’tincreased enough to be correspondent with the present situation
C. Democracy has been fully developed inthe world
D. Many countries has constructed ademocratic and constitutional framework
22. The underlined word “which” in thethird paragraph refers to
A. Human rights organizations
B. The prevention of corruption
C. Sustainable human and economicdevelopment and the prevention
of corruption
D. Freedom of expression and access toofficial information
23. Multinational corporations have not to.
A. recognize its social responsibility
B. be responsible to their shareholders
C. be transparent in operation
D. be responsible in other communities inthe same area
24. Which of the following expressionsabout the global actors is not true?
A. They are becoming more and moreinfluential.