一、比喻(the figures of speech) qN
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比喻是語言藝術的升華。英語中常見的比喻方法有三種:明喻、隱喻和借喻。 pR6mSfer
1.明喻(thesimile) 格式:本體 + 顯著比喻詞(like/as/asif---) + 喻體 3F fS2we
常用介詞like 、連詞as,as if,as---so、動詞seem等以及句型A---to B as C---to D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻說法就叫明喻。 Bw^*6P^l
例如: /VFh3n>I2
(1)Teacher, youare like the sun, but more magnificent, and more brillant. '?]B ui
老師,您像太陽,又比太陽更燦爛更輝煌。 Jq0aDf
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(2)Your soul is as pure as snow, yourpersonality is as noble as pine trees! All praise to you, our beloved teacher. 您的心靈像雪一樣純凈,您的人格像青松一般高潔!贊美您,敬愛的老師。 WGwpryaya
英語中除上述的用介詞、連詞或句型等的明喻表達方式外,還有許多常用的明喻習語。例如: ph*?y
(1)as clear as crystal清如水晶 (2)as weak as water軟弱無力 cMxuG'{=.
2.隱喻(the metaphor) 格式:本體 + is/are+ 喻體 r8.R?5F@
例如: [(Z{5gK
。1)Time is a river, of which memory isthe water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.時間是河、記憶如水,朋友,我從河里捧起來的都是對你的思念。 AE`z~L,
。2)Time is money. 時間就是金錢。 W&E?#=*X
注意:英語中存在著許多數詞習語和俚語,用作隱喻(也有個別用作明喻)。例如: M7U:UV)
(1)You areone in a million.你真是人見人愛。 l":\@rm`
(2)He hasone over the eight.他酩酊大醉。 CUIFKM
(3)This filmstar is a nine days' wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember her in ayear's time.這位電影明星現在紅極一時(也指曇花一現),但我認為一年以后人們不見得還記得她。 (jj=CLe
注意:英語中還有許多隱喻成語。例如: PVfky@wl"
。1)to teach fish to swim 班門弄斧 AlZ]UGf^
(2)to plough thesand 白費力氣 ! @EZ
(3)up the tree騎虎難下;lame duck強弩之末;above board光明正大 9j'(T:Zs
3.借喻(the metonymy) 格式:直接用比喻事物代替本體事物 Ife/:v
例如: ySkz5K+|g
(1)The busesin America are on strike now.美國的公共汽車司機正在罷工(這里buses 喻指司機drivers)。 rQE:rVKVh
(2)The penis mightier than the sword(刀劍,戰爭).文人勝于武士(以pen,sword喻指使用這物的人)。 UNK}!>HD
注意:英語中一些鳥獸魚蟲的名字,除本義外,常可轉借喻人,形象生動,意味雋永。例如: {=3&_/9s){
(1)She is a social butter fly.她是一個交際花(以蟲喻人)。 {,:yZ&(
二、借代(the synecdoche) JU>F&g/|
借用一個名稱來代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代,部分和全體互代,單數代復數,描象代替具體或具體代替抽象等等。例如: 5?] Dn k.o
(1)Uncle Samwill not help us.美國人不會幫助我們。(用UncleSam代替船美國人本身) aK|],L
(2)You candepend on him for help whenever you're in tourble. He's a true blue.你遇到麻煩時盡管去找他幫忙,他是一個靠得住的忠實朋友。(用true blue代替真金烈火,忠誠可靠的---) m$XMq
使用借代修辭方式要選用最突出最明顯的事物特征來代替事物名稱。借代運用得好,能使語言表達簡潔明快、具體、形象,以避免重復、累贅,并給人以新鮮感。 E@.daUo
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三、夸張(the exaggeration) QOT|6)Yb
把事物的特征,有意地加以夸大或縮小,就叫夸張。 t%S2D
例如: >`E
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Thank you a thousand.千恩萬謝。 g
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四、擬人(thepersonifjcation) !xD$U/%c
就是把無生命的事物人格化。 l&JV.}qGB8
例如: \+iZdZD
(1)Books area guide in youth and an entertainment for age. They support us under solitude,and keep us from being a burden to ourselves.書籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娛樂。孤寂時,書籍給我們力量,使我們擺脫精神負擔。 K;L6<a A#
。2)Love is the master key that opensthe gates of happiness.愛是開啟幸福之門的萬能鑰匙。 >;^t)6
擬人用法在英語寫作中運用得好,不僅使語言表達得生動、有力,而且給人以親切、實在、耳目一新的感受。 $j(laD#AR
五、排比 >;s!X(6b
把結構相同或相似、語氣一致、意思密切相關聯的句子或句子成分排列起來,使句式得到增強,感情得到加深,這種修辭叫排比。 6<t<hP_3O
例如: Q8h0:Q
。1)You are overwhelming jade, as whiteas snow, as smooth and moist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firm asrock.你潔白如雪,潤澤如脂,你光輝如燭,堅貞如磐,你是令人傾心的美玉。 ;{j@ia
。2)You are in my mind and in my heart.You are in the very air I breathe. You are part of me. Forever. ]broU%#"
你占據了我整個思緒和心靈;你在我呼吸的空氣里;你永遠是我的一部分。 z*ly`-!
此外,在英語的具體寫作過程當中,我們可以運用恰當的抒情手法來進行寫作,達到以情動人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四級考試作文為例,進行寫作。 2G&H[`
提綱要求: -`cNRd
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In honor ofteachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day z(d
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向老師致以節日祝賀 ]K-B#D{P
從一件難忘的事回憶老師的教誨和無私的奉獻 boeIO\2}P0
我如何回報老師的關愛 M`D`-vv
范文: UA3!28Y&E3
Dear Miss Zhang, O*lMIWx
I’m not the best student of yours, butyou’re the most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasion for you,what I can dedicate is my highest consideration and earnest blessings. May yoube happy; may all of your life be full of happiness, joy as well as sweetness. U6IvN@
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I still remembered clearly that the day Iwas crying with a heavy heart because I failed to pass the examination. Ididn’t know what to do and where to go, just like a bird lost its way. Teacher,it was you who lighted the beacon of hope in my heart in the dark night. Yourwarm words, affectionate eyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heartand kindled the flame of hope as well. And I still remembered that theplatform, the desks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flower petals ofyour heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowers and fall fruits, allowe to your sincere devotion. -~NjZ=vPh
In my view, all I want to do is to make thebest of every day, and come a little closer to what I dream of. Furthermore, Imust not relax my efforts to be the best I can be and do the best I can do. BK 9+fO
Best wishes, Andy