級別: 初級博友
 
UID: 148188
精華:
0
發帖: 4
流量: 0 M
威望: 23 分
介紹博友: 0 個
人民幣: 0 元
好評度: 0 點
注冊時間: 2014-02-12
最后登錄: 2014-02-19
|
新東方考博英語作文背誦經典
01The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture ona wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hearit until it is performed. Professional singers and players have greatresponsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student ofmusic needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as amedical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned withtechnique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete ora ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chordswould be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practicemoving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to andfro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements.Singers andinstrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianistsare spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waitingfor them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument forthem. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the stringshave to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone hasto sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confrontsstudent conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and howit should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds withfanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combinedwith musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are sothoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performingworks written in any century. ?^:
xNRE$j jyjK~ !0 01 音樂的語言 O[&G6+ 畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以觀賞到。 作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由 演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業歌手和職 業演奏者，所以職業歌手和職業演奏者肩上的擔子可謂不輕。 一名學音樂的學生要想成為 一名演奏者，需要經受長期的、嚴格的訓練，就象一名醫科的學生要成為一名醫生一樣。 絕 大多數的訓練是技巧性的。 音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演 員相當的水平。 歌手們每天都練習吊嗓子，因為如果不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲 帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。 弦樂器的演奏者練習的則是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用 右手前后拉動琴弓--兩個截然不同的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協 調。 鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。 給鋼琴調音是調 音師的職責。 但調音師們也有他們的難處： 他們必須耐心地調理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓 音錘發出的聲音象是打擊樂器，而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理 是學生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發音之道。 他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結合起 來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。 藝術家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于 可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。 eadY(-4|I- GSg/I.)S 02Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in the United Statesthat school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has beensaid that today children interrupt their education to go to school. Thedistinction between schooling and education implied by this remark isimportant. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower orin the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formallearning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informallearning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent tothepeople debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguishedscientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite oftenproduces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person todiscover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged ineducation from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. Itis a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on theother hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varieslittle from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive atschool at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by anadult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices ofreality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or anunderstanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by theboundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students knowthat they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about politicalproblems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimentingwith. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process ofschooling. L|w}
#|- %5 ?
0+~ 上學與受教育 j [y +'O 在美國，人們通常認為上學是為了受教育。 而現在卻有人認為孩子們上學打斷了他們 受教育的過程。 這種觀念中的上學與受教育之間的區別非常重要。 與上學相比，教育更具 開放性，內容更廣泛。 教育不受任何限制。 它可以在任何場合下進行，在淋浴時，在工作 時，在廚房里或拖拉機上。 它既包括在學校所受的正規教育，也包括一切非正規教育。 傳 授知識的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機里進行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子， 也可以是知名的科學家。 上學讀書多少有點可預見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的發現。 與 陌生人的一次隨意談話可能會使人認識到自己對其它宗教其實所知甚少。 人們從幼時起就 開始受教育。 因此，教育是一個內涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上 學之前就開始了。 教育應成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上學卻是一個特定的形 式化了的過程。 在不同場合下，它的基本形式大同小異。 在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一 時刻到達學校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授知識，使用大致相同的教材，做作業， 考試等等。 他們所學的現實生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運作，往往受到科目范 圍的限制。 例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒法弄清楚他們社區里政治問題的真情， 也不會了解到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。 學校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的 限制的。
p:^;A/D >03The Definition of "Price" Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limitedsupply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is acomplex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold inthe economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor,professional, transportation, and public-utility services. Theinterrelationships of all these prices make up the"system" of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad,complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or lessupon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selectedindividuals to define "price", many would reply that price is anamount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, inother words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreedupon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as itgoes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction,much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer andthe seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with theamount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time andplace at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the formof money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to thetransaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, returnprivileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should befully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package"being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they mayevaluate a given price. ' =m ?l "價格"的定義 價格決定資源的使用方式。 價格也是有限的產品與服務在買方中的配給 手段。 美國的價格系統是復雜的網狀系統，包括經濟生活中一切產品買賣的價格，也包括 名目繁多的各種服務，諸如勞動力、專職人員、交通運輸、公共事業等服務的價格。 所有 這些價格的內在聯系構成了價格系統。 任何一種個別產品或服務的價格都與這個龐大而復 雜的系統密切相關，而且或多或少地受到系統中其它成份的制約。如果隨機挑選一群人，問 問他們如何定義"價格"，許多人會回答價格就是根據賣方提供的產品或服務，買方向其付出 的錢數。 換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認同的產品或服務的貨幣量。 該定義就其本 身來說自有其道理。 但要獲得對價格在任何一樁交易中的完整認識，就必須考慮到大量"非貨幣"因素的影響。 買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質量和 數量，交易的時間、地點，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優惠，對交易物的質量保證、 交貨條款、退賠權利等等。 也就是說，為了能估算索價，買賣雙方必須通曉構成交易物價 格的通盤細節。 zDof e* >04Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones thatit is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is apower failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate inthe streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoilsin silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity worksonly a little more than two centuriesago. Nature has apparently beenexperimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discoveringmore and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets ofelectricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulsesof electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form anelectrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart isworking. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can berecorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by mostliving cells are extremely small -- often so small that sensitive instrumentsare needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells havebecome so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as musclecells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, theeffects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. Itcan send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through thewater in which it lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twentyvolts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body arespecialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it candeliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body. 9Vv&\m!0 WqRg / 電 當今時代是電氣時代。 人們對電燈、收音機、電視和電話早已司空見慣以致很難想 象沒有它們生活會變成什么樣。 當停電時，人們在搖曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索； 因沒有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導致食物變質。人們只是在兩個世 紀前一點才開始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經歷過了數百萬年。 科學家不 斷發現許多生物世界里可能有益于人類的關于電的有趣秘密。所有生物細胞都會發出微小的 電脈沖。 當心臟跳動時，把它發出的脈沖記錄下來就成了心電圖，這可讓醫生了解心臟的 工作狀況。大腦也發出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。 許多生物細胞發出的電流都是 極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測量。 但一些動物的某些肌肉細胞能轉化成一個 個發電機，以致完全失去肌肉細胞的功能。 這種細胞大量地連接在一起時產生的效果將是 非常令人吃驚的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。 它可以在水中發出相當于800 伏特電 壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有120 伏特)。 在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細胞都專門用 來發電，而且發出的電流的強度大約和它身體的長度成正比。 gkNv vuQXc >05The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning ofdrama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on theassumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes asfollows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world- even the seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through variousmeans to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appearedto bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until theyhardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiledthe mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but thestories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art anddrama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that thoserites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumeswere almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided forperformances and when the entire communitydid not participate, a clear divisionwas usually made between the "acting area" andthe"auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, sinceconsiderable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment ofrites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes,they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, andmimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, therevival of the Sun -- as an actor might. Eventually such dramaticrepresentations were separated from religious activities.Another theory tracesthe theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to thisview tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, atfirst through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator andthen through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. Aclosely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarilyrhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. B (dq$+4 戲劇的起源 關于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人接受的理論 假設認為戲劇從儀式演化而來。 這個觀點是這樣進行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季節的變化都看成是不可預料的。 他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、 令人恐懼的力量。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結果的手段就被保留下來并且重復直到這些手段固 化為不變的儀式，最后產生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 隨著時間的推移， 一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術和戲劇提供了素材。 認為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、 面具和服裝幾乎經常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個合適的地點；如果不是整個社區共 同參加演出，經常在"演出區"和"觀眾席"之間劃分出明顯的分界。 另外，儀式中還有演員， 而且宗教領袖通常承擔演出任務，因為在儀式的執行中避免錯誤的發生被認為有相當大的重 要性；他們經常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動物或超自然的生靈，用動作 來表演以達到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰斗的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復活。 最 后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分離了出來。 另一個追溯戲劇起源的理論認為它來自人 們對敘述故事的興趣。 根據這個觀點，故事(關于狩獵、戰爭或者其它偉績)是逐漸豐富起 來的。 首先通過一個講解人來運用模仿、表演和對話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一個與之緊密相關的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節奏感的和體操 式的那一類，或者是對動物動作和聲音的模仿。 *HN0em KA$l.6&d >06Television t6O/Q0_ Television -- the most pervasive andpersuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth -- ismoving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronicrevolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computertechnologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele:distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sightfrom a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticatedsystem of electronics, television provides the capability of converting animage(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) intoelectronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses,when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronicallyreconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronicsystem, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle forcommunication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other humanbeings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined byits means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reachesthe masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs ofindividuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmissiontechniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We aremost familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for aboutthirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years,it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC,and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, andentertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not onlytelevision but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon thepicture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamicmedium as the passive viewer. Y$?<y *.0#cP7 " 電視 電視--以快速變化與發展為標志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現代技術，正在步 入一個極端復雜化與多樣化的新時代。 這個時代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。 這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關鍵在于電視技術與計算機技術的結合。"電視"這個詞 來源于希臘語詞根(tele：遠)和拉丁語詞根(vision：景象)，可以從字面上理解為來自遠處的 景象。 簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個復雜的電子系統，電視能夠將一幅 圖像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上)轉換成能經過導線或電纜 發送出去的電子脈沖信號。 當這些電子脈沖信號被輸入一部接收機(電視機)時，就可以用 電子學的方法把脈沖信號重新恢復成同一幅圖像。但是，電視不僅僅是一個電子系統，它還 是一種表達工具和傳播渠道。 因此，電視成了一個對其他人發生影響的強大工具。電視這 個領域可以根據其發射方式分為兩類。 第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號的寬帶無線電波 發射展現在大眾面前；第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發射技術來滿足個人以及某些特殊 利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。 我們熟悉廣播電視，因為廣播電視已經以類似 目前的方式存在了大約37 年。 在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS這 些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。 這些 廣播業的巨頭實際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對電視的理解。 我們漸漸把顯像 管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個生動的媒介的被動觀眾。 O486:tF >07Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel,built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became oneof the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his abilityto sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods ofeconomic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing theirinvestments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hardwork, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes forthe benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provideeducational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "Hewho dies rich, dies disgraced, " he often said.Among his more noteworthycontributions to society are those that bear his name, includingthe CarnegieInstitute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and amuseum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is nowpart of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the CarnegieEndowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, theCarnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hallto provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched byAndrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five milliondollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the countryand formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today. YWPAc>uw, 安德魯 卡內基 被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯 卡內基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業。 在這個過 程中，他變成了美國最富有的人之一。 他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產品的能力，部分來 自于經濟蕭條時期的擴充策略。 在蕭條時期，他的多數對手都在縮減投資�？▋然J為個 人應該通過努力工作來獲得進展，但他也強烈地感到有錢人應該運用他們的財富來為社會謀 取福利。 他反對施舍救濟，更愿意提供教育機會，使別人自立。 卡內基經常說："富有著 死去的人死得可恥。"他對社會的較重要的貢獻都以他的名字命名。 這些貢獻包括匹茲堡卡 內基學校。 這個學校有一個圖書館，一個美術館和一個國家歷史博物館；他還創立了一所 技術學校，這所學�，F在是卡內基 梅隆大學的一部分；其他的慈善捐贈有為促進國家間了 解的"卡內基國際和平基金"，為科學研究提供經費的華盛頓卡內基學院以及給各種藝術活動 提供活動中心的卡內基音樂廳。安德魯?卡內基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。 由于他超過五百萬美元的捐款，2500個圖書館得以建立起來，遍布在美國各地的小村鎮， 形成了我們今天還在享用的公共圖書館系統的核心。 E6d0YgfD !jxz2Q >08American Revolution The American Revolution was not a revolutionin the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violentoverturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred inFrance and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significantchanges were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened wasaccelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflictitself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of themwere not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the moreisolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America's War ofIndependence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, whichreceived its first large influx of English-speaking population from thethousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another wasAustralia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer availablefor prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer -- the United States -- baseditself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn wasnot so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticutand Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule alreadyexisting. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-growngoverning class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king andParliament. n.$wW
= C0F#PXU y 美國革命 美國革命其實并不算是一場革命，因為它并未導致完全的和徹底的變化。 這 次革命并不是對政治和社會框架的一次突然和猛烈的顛覆，象后來在已經是獨立國家的法國 和俄國所爆發的革命那樣。 革命帶來了重大的變化，但并非翻天覆地，所發生的只是進化 的加速，而不是一場徹底的革命；在沖突期間，人們仍然上班、做禮拜、結婚、玩耍。 多數人并沒有受到實際戰斗的嚴重影響。 許多較閉塞的社區對這場戰爭幾乎一無所知。美國 獨立戰爭宣布了三個現代國家的誕生，其中一個是加拿大。 加拿大的第一大批講英語的流 入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者， 這些人從美國逃到了加拿大。 另一個國家是澳大利 亞，因為美國不再是容納罪犯和欠債者的國度了，澳大利亞就變成了一個懲治罪犯的殖民地(注：獨立戰爭前，英國政府將罪犯流放到美國)。 第三個國家就是美國，它完全建立在共 和原則基礎上。即使政治上的顛覆也不如人們可能想象的那樣具有革命性。 在一些州，特 別是康涅狄格和羅德島，戰爭基本上只是承認了已經存在的殖民地的自治。 四處被驅逐的 英國官員都被本土的統治階級所替代，這個統治階級迅速地以地方權力機關來替代國王和議 會。 SD^6ib/]b P O[
AP%; >09Suburbanization If by "suburb" is meant an urbanmargin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the processof suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in thesecond quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was asmall highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods wereconveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830's and1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities,and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect ofemployment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill townsof apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defenseagainst this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the citiesappropriated their industrial neighbors. In1854, for example, the city ofPhiladelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuverstook place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the UnitedStates achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along theirborders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowdingand accompanying social stress -- conditions that began to approach disastrousproportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric tractionline was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retiredand electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urbanarea, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compactindustrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scalesuburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urbanMiddle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from theaging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housingtracts. ;F;`y), 郊區的發展 如果"郊區"指的是比已建好的城市內部發展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶，那 么郊區化可以說始于1825 年至 1850 年工業化城市出現期間。 在這之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。 在其中，人們步行走動，商品靠馬車來運送。 但是建于18 世紀三四十年 代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近，被工作機會吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住 房。 漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人 聚居區，包圍了工廠。作為對這種侵蝕的自衛，也為了擴大它們收稅的地域范圍，城市吞并 了工業化的臨近地帶，比如1854 年費城的城區就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區。 相似的城市 化也發生在芝加哥和紐約。 今天很多美國的大城市其實就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區而 變成大都會的。隨著工業化的加速發展，城市里出現了嚴重擁擠和相伴而來的社會壓力。 當1888年第一條商業上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時，壓力開始接近危機的程度。 幾年之內，馬車就被廢棄了，電車網相互交織連接著各個重要的城區，從而形成了一種郊區化的潮 流，即密集的工業城市轉變成了分散的都市。 此時城市中產階級的出現進一步加強了第一 波大規模郊區化。 這些中產階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區 的開發者滿足了他們的愿望。 T7=~l)I
|
