Ⅲ. Translation and Writing (55 points) 615Ya<3f8
Part A Translation #8$?#
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Translate the following into Chinese (30 points): P}bIp+
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Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination.” The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools, and machine parts. Kkvc Zs'4m
Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis. ^QK`z@B
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Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature---and this is particularly true of the literature written in English---knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare. ]?9*Vr:P^
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Translate the following into English (10 points): -JW~_Q[
從二十世紀中葉起，名國政府對科學技術的重視引起了各級教育機構的響應，理論科學和應用科學的巨大進步也激起了人們學習自然科學的興趣，科學技術因此有了飛速的發展。但與此同時，人們忽視了對人文科學和社會科學的學習，公民對道德觀念和社會準則在生活中的意義缺乏認識。這在一定程度上導致了以下后果：地方、民族和國際間的暴力沖突層出不窮，環境污染日益嚴重，這些都給人類生活帶來了危險。因此， 在教育中應糾正重理輕文的傾向，在生活中恢復人文主義的價值，以求物質文明和精神文明的平衡發展。 h\s/rZg=r
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Part B Summary Writing (15 points) )M0YX?5A R
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.
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Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century. In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined. }: Z.g
Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways. >O'\
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Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span. *"%TAe7?~+
Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.
