閱讀理解-1

Whatdoes a scientist do when he or she "explains something? Scientificexplanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Mostpsychologists deal with generalization. They explain parlicular instances ofbehavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists wouldexplain a pathologically (病態)strong fear of dogs as example of classical conditioning. Presumably, theperson was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus waspaired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by avigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response offear.
Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms ofsimpler phenomena. For examjle, the movement of a muscle is explained in termsof changes in the membrane (生物膜)ofmuscle cells, entry of particular chemicals and interactions between proteinmolecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain"these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and causevarious parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior inphysiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believethat all natural phenomena-- including human behavior--are subject to the lawsof physics. Thus, the law of behavior can be reduced to description ofphysiological processes.
How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologistscannot simply be reductionists. It is not to observe behaviors and correlatethem with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identicalbehaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, andthus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that wemust understand " psychologically" why a particular behavior occursbefore we can understand what physiological events made it occur.

1. The passage mainly discusses . ~IrrX,mp:
A) The difference between “scientific” and “ unscientific” explanations
B) The difference between human and animal behavior
C) How fear would be explained by the psychologist, the physiologist, andmolecular biologist
D) How scientists differ in their approaches explaining natural phenomena
2. In the first paragraph the word"deal" could best be replaced by . 0*G =~:
A) barter B) bargain
C) are playing D) are concerned
3 Which of the following is mostsimiliar to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs? 6xI9%YDy
A) A child chokes on a fishbone and as an adult, he is reluctant to eatfish.
B) A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.
C) A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.
D) A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid todrive home.
4. According to the passage, which ofthe following is important in movement explaining? zX=K2tH
A) The flow of blood to the muscles
B) Classical conditioning.
C) Protein interactions.
D) The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.
5. The author implies which of thefollowing is the type of scientific explanation most likely hzv4+1Wd[
used by a molecular biologist'?
A) Experimentation B) Reduction
C) Interaction. D) Generalization.
參考答案

1．D主旨題。本題要求考生在理解全文的基礎上，歸納文章的大意。其實文章頭兩句話就為我們推斷文章主題提供了依據。另外，我們還可以依據第一段第三句Mostpsychologists deal with generalization, 第二段第一句Mostphysiologists deal with reduction, 以及第三段第一句作出正確的歸納。