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Unit OnePassage 1 The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used. Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores. Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices. Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples. The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______. A) transportation and storage B) storage of products C) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _ A) inventories build up before the goods are sold B) the prices will go down C) more goods are produced than can be consumed D) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage? A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk? A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse. C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center? A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse. B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down. C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factory D) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage. Passage 2 How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death. The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control. These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them. 6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____. A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spirit B) mental distress once they are wounded C) only body pains without feeling sad D) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______. A) cannot control their muscular contractions B) have developed a capacity of feeling no pain C) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuries D) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____. A) animals don't show suffering to us B) dogs are more endurable than human children C) we cannot know what animals feel D) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting? A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do. B) We should protect and save all the animals. C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them. D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____. A) argue for something B) explain something C) tell a story D) describe an object Passage 3 In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______. A) a good example B) an imaginary model C) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____. A) mathematicians approach science B) building a house is like performing experiments C) science is more than a collection of facts D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology 13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______. A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous results C) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate 14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7 A) Sifting through known facts. B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others. C) Providing direction for scientific research. D) Linking together different theories. 15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events. B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it. C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses. D) A good scientist needs to be creative. B) Education systems need to be radically reformed. C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated. D) Education involves many years of professional training.20. The passage is organized by ___ A) listing and discussing several educational problems B) contrasting the meanings of two related concepts C) narrating a story about excellent teachers D) giving examples of different kinds of schools Passage 5 The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century American philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its rootslie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to credit Thoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand, and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S. What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then used its victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail--us-ually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target. 21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____. A) inappropriate B) revealing C) insignificant D) challenging 22. In the passage, the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______. A) focused its early efforts on public transportation B) did not always practice civil disobedience C) started in nineteenth century D) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model 23. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be done publicly? A) To alter the legal system in radical way. B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law. C) To stimulate public support for a cause. D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______. A) it helps convince the public to support their cause B) they usually do so unwillingly C) it is because their protest has not gone according to plan D) they are always released almost immediately25. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________. A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessary B) provides an extensive history of civil disobedience C) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedience D) defines the concept of civil disobedience Passage 6 In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure. City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles. The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence. With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.26. What is the passage mainly about? A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States. B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States. C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States. D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States? A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe. B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe. C) The clergy organized them. D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "the pursuit of pleasure" ? A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work. B) They felt that it was not necessary. C) They felt that it should be productive. D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2? A) Very frequent. B) Useful and enjoyable. C) Extremely necessary. D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage? A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people. B) Leisure activities of city dwellers. C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas. D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities. Passage 7 For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge that is intrinsic and consubstautial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a we N-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, be-cause the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, the foundation for practical results would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.31. The most important advances made by mankind come from __. A) technical applications B) apparently useless information C) the natural sciences D) philosophy32. The word "Utopians" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __. A) idealists B) Greek mathematicians C) scientists D) true human33. In the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss __. A) the value of technical research B) the value of pure research C) philosophy D) unforeseen discoveries34. The word "resign" in the 6th sentence in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to A) dismiss B) quit C) remark D) submit35. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __. A) "Technical Progress" B) "A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing" C) "Man's Distinguishing Characteristics" D) "The Function of Theoretical Knowledge as Compared to Its Practical Applications" Passage 8 In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn oneither art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners. With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the "accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真實)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplementedby national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.36. This article is based on the idea that ________. A) people today no longer follow models B) People attach little importance to whoever they follow C) people generally pattern their lives after models D) People no longer respect heroes37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______. A) inspiring literate immigrants B) frustrating educated immigrants C) preventing the assimilation of immigrants D) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______ A) toward realism B) toward fantasy C) against the teaching of morals D) away from realism39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____ A) a logical evolution of ideas B) widespread moral decay C) the influence of the press D) a philosophy of plenty40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A) presentations B) misinterpretations C) influences D) limitations Passage 9 The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literatureand drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil. The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense—is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them. You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it. One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non- dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the _____. A) relativistic view of morals B) greater concern with religion C) emphasis on evil D) greater concern with universals42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____ A) relative B) unimportant C) constantly in conflict D) dramatically neutralized43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, he is commenting on the ___ A) length of the novel B) indifference to the moral behavior of the characters C) monotony of the story D) sensational depravities of the book44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be- cause of Paton's ____. A) insight into human behavior B) behavioristic beliefs C) treatment of good and evil as abstractions D) willingness to make moral judgments 45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A) shut B) attend C) show D) avoid Passage 10 African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990s there has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due to a very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidate for expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs, why have they not received full scale support7 Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely. Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of A Nation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment. These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also season them with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerous enough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved; unfortunately these films also validate the pathologies they depict. The constant projection of the black community as a kind of urban Wild Kingdom, the glamorization of tragic situations, and the celebration of innercity drug dealers and gangsters has a programming effect on black youth. The power of music infilm is a particularly seductive and propagandistic force which in the recent crop of African-American films has rarely been used in a positive social manner. What flows from this combination of factors is a policy of market exploitation rather than market development, evidenced by the fact that any number of films may open to 1,500 screensin one week, only to totally disappear in less than a month. This restricted body of film products erodes the genre's long-term viability, particularly with the more fickle non-African-American-can audiences and foreign audiences. Furthermore, when African-American actors begin to emerge as stars, their projects are usually designed to be "more" than a black film, such that any success that follows is therefore perceived not as a reflection of the viability of African-American filmmaking but as the broader pursuit of celebrity.46. According to the passage, all wise managers think that ___ A) the industry of black film would increase in the future B) the industry of black film would decrease in the future C) the industry of black film would not receive full scale support D) the industry of black film is bound to win full scale support47. It is suggested by the analysts that ___ A) black films can be very successful B) black films can win prestige, glamour, or celebrity C) black films are mysterious D) black films can never be the road to prestige48. It can be inferred from the passage that ___ A) the black community is wild B) the black youth may learn from the films and commit crimes C) the black films reflect the real life of the black D) the black community is flourishing49. The word "viability" ( in line 4, para. 4) could best be replaced by ______ A) productivity B) vitality C) celebrity D) prestige50. This passage mainly discusses ______. A) the productivity of black films B) the limitations of black films C)the myth of American-African D)the prestige of American-African Keys 1—5 DCDBD 6—10 ACBCA 11—15 BCCCD 16—20 BDDCB 21—25 BACAD 26—30 DACBB 31—35 BACDD 36—40 CAADB 41—45 ACBDD 46—50 ADBBB 文章大意及答案解析 Passage 1 文章大意： 這篇文章講產品實物分配中的兩個環節，運輸和儲存，運輸環節只在第一段和第二段最后一句略述，從第二段(除最后一句)到第五段詳細討論產品的儲存問題。其中二、三段討論存儲的原因(生產與消費不同步)和作用(穩定市場價格)；第四段介紹倉庫的類型；第五段講新近發展起來的一種倉庫——分配中心——的功能和特點。 答案解析： [1]D主旨題。第一段第一句點明主題，產品的實物分配主要由運輸和儲存兩方面構成。選項A太籠統，B、C均為某一段的重點，不能概括全文，故[D]正確。 [2]C根據第二段第一句，此題考察的是儲存的原因——生產和消費不同步，故選 [C]。 [3]D根據第四段，共講了7種類型的倉庫，故選[D)。 [4]B細節題。從第四段第五句可知，肉、蛋為食品，故應選[B)。 [5]D根據最后一段倒數第三句，分配中心是為了減少儲存，減輕流通過程中的壓力， 而不是為了囤積食品，故[D)與原文不符。 Passage2 文章大意： 文章第一段交代動物保護者的行為：他們通過描寫或繪畫展示受重傷動物的痛苦以博得同情，并說明動物確實能感到極大的精神和肉體的痛苦(anguish)。第二段是狩獵愛好者的觀點：動物并不像人們想象的那樣對痛苦非常敏感。第三段作者提出自己的觀點：狩獵愛好者的辯解并不能令人滿意，因為這些人只是猜測(conjecture) 動物的神經不如人敏感(delicate)。只要我們有權做(be entitled)，那么最人道的看法就是認為沒有哪個動物會完全感覺不到(exempt from)痛苦，因此應該盡可能地避免給動物造成傷害，哪怕是最小的動物。 這是一篇議論文，先分別擺出兩種對立的觀點，后提出作者自己的觀點：贊成動 物保護者，并進行論證。 答案解析： [6]A第一段第三句提到他們作畫以揭示動物在被追趕時所遭受的肉體痛苦，同時還 忍受著死亡逼近的精神痛苦，故選[A]。 [7]C第二段第二句后半部分表示，動物們在開始時神經系統不敏感，隨后在幾百萬 年的進化中發展了忽略疼痛和錯亂的能力，而這種疼痛和錯亂狀態是人類無法 忍受的，故選[C]。 [8]B根據第三段第二句可知，應選[B]。 [9]C第三段最后一句表明人們的態度，即不應傷害動物，故選[C)o [10]A文中用到了一些短語，如controversy，opponents of game shooting，animal-lovers， answer to criticism，arguments，humane attitude is to assume等，都是表明立場和觀點 的，即本文是議論文。應選[A]。 Passage 3 文章大意： 這篇文章從定義、作用及產生過程幾方面闡述了科學理論�？茖W理論是對觀察 到的相關事物的解釋。經常包括一個想象的模式來幫助科學家想象事物的產生過 程。而一個實用的理論，不僅可以解釋以往的觀察，還可以幫助預測等待觀察的事 物。觀察又可以驗證一個理論是否正確�？茖W除了包括收集信息和做實驗，還需要 創造性的思考，然后形成可能的問題解決方法，即假設。假設總是朝著未知領域前進 一步，它拓寬了科學家的視野，經過驗證后的假設就變成了理論。 答案解析： [11]B第三句話中的代詞“this'’指代前一句提到的“an imaginary model"。因為這個 例子就是要說明在動力分子理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不停運動的小分子所 組成，即前句中“理論常包含一個想象模式來幫助科學家描繪事件的產生過 程。” [12]C第三段最后一句中“科學是由事實構成的，就象房屋是由磚建成的。但是事實 堆積起來并不能成為科學，這比用磚塊搭房子復雜得多”。因此說科學并不是 簡單的堆砌事實。 [13]C最后一段第二句話，“假設”使科學家的思想可以超越已知事實。 [14]C最后一段第四句話，若沒有假設，更深入的調查就會缺少目標和方向。所假設 的一個主要作用就是給科研提供方向。 [15]D第二段第一句說明理論不僅可以解釋以往的觀察，還可以幫助預測還未觀察 到的。因此排除A。第二段最后兩句，如果觀察不能證實預測，那么說明實驗有 錯或理論可能應被修改或推翻，因此排除B。而C在文章中沒有涉及。根據第 三段最后一句話，科學需要想象力和創造性思考，可以得出D為正確答案。 Passage4 文章大意： 這篇文章運用對比的寫作方法說明教育與上學是不同的經歷。第二段說明教育 比上學涵蓋內容更廣。它可以在任何地點、任何時間發生，既包括上學這種正式的教 育，也包括廣義的非正式教育。它是一個終身的過程，早在上學之前就開始了，而且 是人一生中必不可少的部分。第三段主要講述上學這個正式的教育過程。學校教育 模式通常大同小異。學生們對現實的了解受到各個課程內容的限制，上學只能被看 成是教育的一部分。 答案解析： [16]B第一段說明教育不同于上學，接著在以下兩段分別解釋了教育和學校的學習。 [17]D由全文可知，教育是涵蓋得很廣的名詞。它是一個終身的過程，早在上學前就 開始了，而且是人一生中必不可少的部分。 [18]D前句用了limited by the hundreds of．．．可知，與選項D吻合。 119]C由第二段可知教育涵蓋的內容遠大于學校的學習，第三段更說明學校學習是 個具體的、正式的過程，只是受教育的一部分。 [20]B此題考察文章的結構，文中的一些信號詞，如“distraction”，“education is much moreopen-ended'’，“schooling on the other hand"等，可知是對比兩個相關概念。 Passage5 文章大意： 這篇文章一開始用著名哲學家梭羅引入“非暴力抵抗”這個概念。雖然這是一個 古老的名詞，但是它說明人們是想向梭羅表達敬意，因為“非暴力抵抗”一直是美國道 德和政治的一個標志性的詞語。在第二段中作者解釋了什么行為是非暴力抵抗。首 先，要求有由政府強制實施的正式法律體系。其次，這種行為針對的是某一個特定的 法律或政策，而不是整個法律體系。第三，這種行為必須是公開的，因為它的有效性 正是依靠激發民眾的情緒。最后，抗議者必須理解他們的行為可能帶來的懲罰，通常 是坐牢，并且愿意接受這樣的懲罰。 答案解析： [21)B第一段第二句說明雖然這個概念由來已久，但是這種指示卻能說明問題：人們 是在贊揚梭羅，因為這個詞一直是美國倫理和政治的標志性詞語。 [22]A第二段第五句表明美國公民權運動在早期是針對公共交通方面存在的歧視。 [23]C第二段第六句表明這種抗議的效果主要是動員(mobilize)公眾反對抗議的 目標。 [24]A第二段最后兩句說明抗議者必須明白他們的行為可能帶來的懲罰，經常是坐 牢。而且要愿意接受這種懲罰。這一點更增強了對公眾的影響，使人們更加支 持他們去反對抗議的目標。 [25]D第二段用設問句開始，下面分四點回答了什么是“非暴力抵抗”。 Passage 6 ， 文章大意： 早期的歐洲移民來到美國后，雖然生活條件艱苦，但他們并沒有放棄追求歡樂的 想法。在這方面，城市和鄉村的居民又有區別。在第二段和第三段中，作者主要講述 了鄉村居民的娛樂方式。由于居住地相隔較遠，還有工作的壓力，都使他們認為很有 必要將娛樂和工作相結合。于是他們的娛樂活動多為狩獵和釣魚等等。有時鄰居們 也會互相幫忙建造房屋和谷倉等等，之后聚餐飲酒共同慶祝。另外最使他們感到快 樂的是鄉村聚會，男女老少各自分工參與各項競技活動，這是他們最好的放松。而在 最后一段，作者使用過渡句轉入對城市居民娛樂活動的描述。 答案解析： [26]D全文主要講述了鄉村和城市的美國早期移民娛樂的方式。 [27]A第一段第一句說明從歐洲來到美國的早期移民沒有放棄他們的祖先使生活豐 富多彩的各種娛樂方式。 [28]C第二段第二句，鄉村居民在生活需求及工作壓力下，認為娛樂應和目的相結 合。第三句中在殖民者中流行的那句話也說明了這個答案。 [29]B根據上題，第二段第三句中農民們用這種雙重目的的娛樂，如打獵、釣魚等方 式來減輕生活壓力，這個“double-purpose”就是把娛樂和工作結合。 [30]B第二、第三段描述了鄉村娛樂方式，第四段過渡說明城市居民也有自己的娛樂 方式，在下面的段落中作者當然是要詳細說明城市的娛樂方式了。Passage 7文章大意： 全文講述了理論知識的重要作用，說明理論知識的研究是人類理解世界的需求， 同時也是實際應用的基礎�？茖W知識就是純理論知識，尋求的目的只是為了理解，為 了滿足人類本身固有的對未知的理解的渴求。這也正是人類和動物的區別，而知識 的應用也同樣重要，它也可以區分人和動物。第二段說明了純科學對應用科學的作 用。我們現在享受應用科學的成果，但不能忘了純科學的基礎作用和獨立性。 答案解析： [31)B第二段中的兩個例子說明人類在進行科學探索時很多重大進步都來自表面上 認為無用的信息。[32]A第二段第二句說明應用科學會產生立竿見影、可預見的效果，但這種成功與純 科學不同，除非是烏托邦式的幻想，而幻想與理想接近，故選A。[33]C第一段第二句說明作者打算把哲學放在后面的章節中講述。[34]D倒數第二句說明科學研究本身就是有價值的工作，因為人類精神不愿向無知 屈服或停留在無知狀態。[35]D第二段最后兩句點明主旨。Passage 8文章大意： 有史以來的人類社會中年輕人通常都會模仿偶像。直到1910年時，這仍是美國 流行的一種風尚。受過教育的新來的移民會從各種渠道，包括好萊塢電影去學習美 國人的說話、行為和思考方式。然而，由于各種原因，一個反對偶像模仿的時代已經 到來。在文章第二段，作者運用了幾個并列的with短語做狀語，“a new era．。．”是主 語，說明了這場運動的必然性。年輕人不再模仿生活中、或藝術及電影中的偶像，而 是看到了真正來自于生活的沒有被扭曲的偶像人物。 答案解析： [36]C第一段第一句說明有史以來年輕人都會將各種各樣的人作為偶像來模仿。 [37]A第一段倒數第二句第二代移民藝術家努力克服父輩缺陷的故事是用來激勵移 民變得有文化。 [38]A第二段第二句說明在反對好萊塢的運動中，真實的生活被呈現出來(a new era was ushered in)。 [39]D第二段一開始，幾個用with引導的短語說明原因是多種多樣的。 [40]B這個句子說明在運動中，偶像不在是來自童話故事，而是來自于生活。這種生 活盡可能保持原樣(minimal)，而且未被嚴重歪曲(crucial)，此處歪曲即誤解。故 選B。 Passage9文章大意：從古希臘時代一直到現在，善與惡的沖突一直是貫穿文學和戲劇的一個普遍主題(第一段)。然而，今天我們這個時代卻蔓延著這樣一種觀點，即在任何道德或宗教意義上是沒有絕對的善與惡的。這種觀點認為既使承認善與惡的區別，那也是一個相對的問題。作者認為如果用這種觀點去寫作，那么偉大的文學作品將會失去魅力。在第三段，作者又舉例說明想要創作出優秀的文學作品，就不能忽視或回避邪惡。Paton的偉大之處就在于他不僅文筆流暢，而且能夠洞悉善與惡的區別，并且表明自己的立場。在第四段中作者舉了一個反面例子說明是非不分、善惡不辨的作品只能是失敗的(bore，a shrug)。得出結論：善、惡的沖突永遠是文學和戲劇創作的重要要素。 ·答案解析：[41)A第二段第一句說明在我們這個時代，從任何純粹的道德和宗教意義上講，是沒 有絕對的善良和邪惡的。 [42]C由第一段可知，作者認為善與惡的沖突長期存在于生活和文學作品中。 [43]B由前一句話可知這本書不承認善與惡的區別，而且對道德行為漠不關心。 [44]D第二段第三句說明這本書之所以偉大是因為作者明確善惡之間的區別，使他 們之間產生沖突，并且表明了自己的立場。而C中abstractions意為抽象的東西， 小說中形象得區別了善惡。 [45]D由or可知，ignore是其近義詞，并且全句是表明如果作者忽略或回避邪惡，是 不可能寫出一部偉大的作品的。 Passage10 文章大意： 本文討論了美國黑人電影未被普遍認可的原因。文章首先指出，雖然黑人電影 的現狀令人羨慕，前景看好，但是還不是人人趨之若鶩。文章接下來分析了原因。一 些分析家認為黑人電影只是自娛自樂、自我滿足的神話，并不能使人聲名斐然，因為 電影業的大亨們盡量避免有關意識形態的爭議的題材。此外，大批的制片人、導演和 作家用電影加深了模式化的消極黑人形象，并佐以美國黑人真實生活的點滴，其宣揚 的打斗、吸毒等題材教會了黑人年輕的一代。電影作品的題材的局限性影響了其生 命力。文章最后提到，即使冒出一些黑人影星，他們的影片卻不被作為黑人電影的成 功而認可，只不過是白人名人的對事業的拓展。 答案解析： [46]A參閱文章第一段最后一句：任何一個有理性的企業首腦都認為，這個行業是有 望拓展的首選行業，但是，如果黑人電影用有限的生產和銷售成本做得那么好， 為什么還不能得到所有人的認可呢? [47]D參閱文章第二段第一句�！癡ehicle”此處意為“媒介物”。 [48]B文章第二段三，四句指出，黑人社會被影片、小說描寫為城市的野性王國，渲染 了其生活的悲劇性魅力，聲名斐然的毒品交易者和匪徒。這些對黑人青年一代 有很大。 [49]B從該詞的上下文可推斷，該詞意為“生命力，生機”。 [50]B文章主要討論了黑人電影的局限性。
