新東方考博英語作文背誦經典

01The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished picture ona wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hearit until it is performed. Professional singers and players have greatresponsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student ofmusic needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as amedical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned withtechnique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete ora ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chordswould be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practicemoving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to andfro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements.Singers andinstrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianistsare spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waitingfor them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument forthem. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the stringshave to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone hasto sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confrontsstudent conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and howit should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds withfanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combinedwith musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are sothoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performingworks written in any century.

01 音樂的語言

畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以觀賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業歌手和職業演奏者，所以職業歌手和職業演奏者肩上的擔子可謂不輕。一名學音樂的學生要想成為一名演奏者，需要經受長期的、嚴格的訓練，就象一名醫科的學生要成為一名醫生一樣。絕大多數的訓練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演員相當的水平。歌手們每天都練習吊嗓子，因為如果不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習的則是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用右手前后拉動琴弓--兩個截然不同的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協調。鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。給鋼琴調音是調音師的職責。但調音師們也有他們的難處：他們必須耐心地調理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓音錘發出的聲音象是打擊樂器，而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理是學生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發音之道。他們還必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。藝術家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。

02Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in the United Statesthat school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has beensaid that today children interrupt their education to go to school. Thedistinction between schooling and education implied by this remark isimportant. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower orin the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formallearning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informallearning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent tothepeople debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguishedscientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite oftenproduces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person todiscover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged ineducation from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. Itis a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on theother hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varieslittle from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive atschool at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by anadult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices ofreality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or anunderstanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by theboundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students knowthat they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about politicalproblems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimentingwith. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process ofschooling.