福建醫大 {(qH8A  
博士研究生入學英語考試試卷 '9q:gFO  
(2010. 5) .ID9Xd$fky  
Part I. Reading Comprehension I r;Z+}4>Y  
Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.    ( 40 % ) (e6KSRh2fF  
Passage One Cr$8\{2OA7  
    For the first two-thirds of the 20th century, chemistry was seen by many as the science of the future. The potential of chemical products for enriching society appeared to be unlimited. Increasingly, however, and especially in the public mind, the negative aspects of chemistry have come to the fore. Disposal of chemical by-products at waste-disposal sites of limited capacity has resulted in environmental and health problems of enormous concern. The legitimate use of drugs for the medically supervised treatment of diseases has been tainted by the growing misuse of mood altering drugs. The very word chemical has come to be used all too frequently in a pejorative sense. There is, as a result, a danger that the pursuit and application of chemical knowledge may be seen as bearing risks that outweigh the benefits. t_ZWd#x+;  
    It is easy to underestimate the central role of chemistry in modern society, but chemical products are essential if the world’s population is to be clothed, housed and fed. The world’s reserves of fossil fuels (e.g. natural gas and coal) will eventually be exhausted, some as soon as the 21st century, and new chemical processes and materials will provide a crucial alternative energy source. The conversion of solar energy to more concentrated, useful forms, for example, will rely heavily on discoveries in chemistry. Long-term, environmentally acceptable solutions to pollution problems are not attainable without chemical knowledge. There is much truth in the aphorism that “chemical problems require chemical solutions”. Chemical inquiry will lead to a better understanding of the behavior of both natural and synthetic materials and to the discovery of new substances that will help future generations better supply their needs and deal with their problems. N"o+;yR  
    Progress in chemistry can no longer be measured only in terms of economical utility. The discovery and manufacture of new chemical goods continue to be economically feasible but must be environmentally acceptable as well. The impact of new substances on the environment can now be assessed before large-scale production begins, and environmental compatibility has become a valued property of new materials. For example, compounds consisting of carbon fully bonded to chlorine and fluorine, called chlorofluorocarbons ( or Freons ), were believed to be ideal for their intended use when they were first discovered. They are nontoxic, nonflammable gases and volatile liquids that are very stable. These properties led to their widespread use as solvents, refrigerants and propellants in aerosol containers. Time has shown, however, that these compounds decompose in the upper regions of the atmosphere and the decomposition products act to destroy stratospheric ozone. Limits have now been placed on the use of chlorofluorocarbons, but it is impossible to recover the amounts already into the atmosphere. ]k.'~Syz  
    The chlorofluorocarbon problem illustrates how difficult it is to anticipate the overall impact that new materials can have on the environment. Chemists are working to develop methods of assessment, and prevailing chemical theory provides the working tools. Once a substance has been identified as hazardous to the existing ecological balance, it is the responsibility of chemists to locate that substance and neutralize it, limiting the damage it can do or removing it from the environment entirely. Inevitably, the harmful effects of some substances will outweigh their benefits, and their use will have to be limited. Yet, the positive impact of chemistry on society as a whole seems beyond doubt. _i+7O^=d6X  
The word “tainted” in the first paragraph most probably means _________________. @je亚洲国产精品va在线观看麻豆