What does a scientist do when he or she "explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain parlicular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病態) strong fear of dogs as example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by a vigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response of fear.
u}|%@=xn Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For examjle, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (生物膜)of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
AVU>+[.=%c The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena-- including human behavior--are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the law of behavior can be reduced to description of physiological processes.
lM[XS4/TRa How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that we must understand " psychologically" why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.
. +([ 1. The passage mainly discusses .
?}Lg)EFH A) The difference between “scientific” and “ unscientific” explanations
Iu35#j B) The difference between human and animal behavior
=?(~ aV C) How fear would be explained by the psychologist, the physiologist, and molecular biologist
AisN@ D) How scientists differ in their approaches explaining natural phenomena
A=-F,=k(!/ 2. In the first paragraph the word "deal" could best be replaced by .
l w (e3j A) barter B) bargain
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