What does a scientist do when he or she "explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain parlicular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病態) strong fear of dogs as example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by a vigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response of fear.
gC:E38u Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For examjle, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (生物膜)of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
LD "}$vfs The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena-- including human behavior--are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the law of behavior can be reduced to description of physiological processes.
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