[考博資源] 蘇大考博英語真題2013年

What does a scientist do when he or she "explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain parlicular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病態) strong fear of dogs as example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by a vigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response of fear.
Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For examjle, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (生物膜)of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena-- including human behavior--are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the law of behavior can be reduced to description of physiological processes.
How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that we must understand " psychologically" why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.
1. The passage mainly discusses .
A) The difference between “scientific” and “ unscientific” explanations
B) The difference between human and animal behavior
C) How fear would be explained by the psychologist, the physiologist, and molecular biologist
D) How scientists differ in their approaches explaining natural phenomena
2. In the first paragraph the word "deal" could best be replaced by .
A) barter B) bargain
C) are playing D) are concerned
3 Which of the following is most similiar to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?
A) A child chokes on a fishbone and as an adult, he is reluctant to eat fish.
B) A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.
C) A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.
D) A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is important in movement explaining?
A) The flow of blood to the muscles
B) Classical conditioning.
C) Protein interactions.
D) The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.
5. The author implies which of the following is the type of scientific explanation most likely
used by a molecular biologist'?
A) Experimentation B) Reduction
C) Interaction. D) Generalization.
1．D 主旨題。本題要求考生在理解全文的基礎上，歸納文章的大意。其實文章頭兩句話就為我們推斷文章主題提供了依據。另外，我們還可以依據第一段第三句Most psychologists deal with generalization, 第二段第一句Most physiologists deal with reduction, 以及第三段第一句作出正確的歸納。
2．D 詞匯題。deal一詞是跟with搭配使用的，意為“與... 有關”，而concerned一詞與with連用時，與deal with同義。
3．A 細節題，答案可在第一段最后兩句找到：Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal ...。意思是說，這個人早年可能受過狗的驚嚇，這樣，一看見狗便會產生不愉快的刺激。也就是說，講的是過去的經歷會對以后產生影響，與A項所講情況吻合。B、D兩項并未提及過去的影響，只是表明現在狀態所產生的影響。C項則只講到現在的經歷對今后的影響。
4．C 細節題。答案依據為第二段第三句。C項Protein interaction與原文意思吻合, 是正確答案.
5．C 推理題，答案參見第二段末尾一句。該句講，分子生物學家會根據聚合各種分子并使各個部分相互吸引的力來解釋這些現象。從而暗示，分子生物學家所用的方法，既不是Reduction法，也不是Generalization法，而是Interaction法.

Most people agree that the direct, assertive(過分自信的) American personality is a virtue, but it sometimes surprises foreigners. In many cultures, respect for older people or those in positions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings. But in the U.S, children often argue with their parents, students may disagree with their teachers, and citizens may express opposition to the actions of the government. If the soup has a fly in it or the meat is too tough to chew, the diner can complain to the waiter, if the boss makes a mistake, an employee will politely point it out.
Some straight talk about the American character must include the admission that Americans have their faults. The extremely competitive nature of Americans is probably their worst fault. Of course, competition isn’t always bad. As a matter of fact, it promotes excellence by encouraging individuals and businesses to try to do their best. But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people to do things that are unkind and even dishonest. Also, Americans admire what is practical, fast, efficient, and fresh. Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices that have greater respect for more traditional, leisurely ways of doing things. On the other hand, people from other cultures may dislike the practical, challenging American lifestyle.
Despite culture differences, most foreigners give Americans credit for their virtues. Americans are generally viewed as friendly, adaptable, energetic, and kindhearted. Most newcomers to the U.S. like Americans, and the feeling is usually mutual. Perhaps the greatest American virtue is a deep interest in new ideas and new people. In a nation of immigrants, the foreigner does not remain an outsider for long.
1.In order to show the respect for older people,. .
A.people from some other cultures will always express their true feeling
B.people from some other cultures may sometimes hide their true feeling
C.Americans always show their true feelings
D.Americans usually argue with them
2.Why is the extremely competitive nature considered as one of American faults?