段落
tyu@ a CK Lo%n{*if 段落是文章的重要組成部分，就像裁縫制衣，有了合適的布料（文章素材），還需精心剪裁，裁出合適的前后片、領子袖籠（不同的段落），最后才能縫制出漂亮合體的衣服（文章）。
gcJ!_KZK 根據目前研究生考試的情況看，考生若能把握住試卷中所提供的每一段落的主題句或中心句（Topic Sentence）,將其擴展成主題鮮明、思想表達充分、無重大語法錯誤的段落，那么，他/她的文章就可以算是大功告成了。因此，段落的寫作技巧與方法是基礎訓練部分中最為關鍵的一步，本章將著重介紹這方面的知識，希望學習寫作者能從以下的介紹、范文及練習中有所獲益。
2 !s&|lI JVZ -nHf(9 一） 展開段落的常用方法
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N)(( 1． 段落的基本構成
(l{vlFWd 段落一般有三個基本組成部分：主題句（Topic Sentence）、擴展句（Developing Sentence）和結論句（Concluding Sentence）。主題句在段落中起引導或序論（Introduction）的作用，是表明全段要描述什么或論述什么的中心詞；擴展句是用來說明、解釋或論證主題句所表述的主題或中心思想的，起到了引申和擴充的作用；而結論句則是在經過說明、解釋或論證的基礎上得出的結論，起到了總結全段主題或中心思想的作用。
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7vN~/O （一） 主題句
/*K2 i5&X （1） 主題句位于句首。在考試中，主題句通常位于段首，它的優點在于開門見山、直接點明主題，有助于應試者把握段落的中心思想，緊緊扣住主線自然展開，不至于誤入歧途。例如：
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rs~ 2jsbg{QS#_ ① The most striking difference between home life and dormitory life is that students must begin to take responsibility for their own actions. Students must depend on themselves to get up in the morning in time for class; they must depend on themselves to eat properly, to keep their clothes and bodies clean, and to set aside appropriate amounts of time for study and relaxation. Students must also begin to take care of how to spend their money, making sure to preserve enough for things that are essential rather than for fun. All of these responsibilities do a great deal toward preparing students for adult life.
" 6B7EH ,YYEn^ :> ② Some people think that there is relationship between automobile accidents and suicide. Many accidents happen because the driver has been drinking. Many others occur because of speed of other reckless driving behavior. Drivers could avoid all of these factors if they wanted to. Therefore, many people suggest that such “accidents” are really self-destructive behavior on the part of the driver.
'xwCeZcg ③ Responsible for a car of my own has shown me that car owner-ship shouldn’t be taken lightly. Before I owned a car, I would use my friend’s cars frequently and thought that all there was to having a car, putting gas in it and driving away. Now, however, I know about car notes and insurance premiums, which you have to pay if you want to keep driving. I am more concerned about checking things like tires, the battery, and the brakes because if I don’t do this, no one else will. I am also more careful about my driving habits since I could have an accident otherwise, causing my insurance rates to increase. And if I were to dent my car, I would get less money for it if I wanted to sell it.
uqMw-f/ (2)主題句位于段中。主題句位于段落中間的目的主要是要求應試者對兩種事物或觀點（見例①）或同一種事物兩個方面（見例②）進行比較或對照，以此指出不同的或相反的論點，以便加以論證。例如：
8bIP"!=*W ① Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility-both physical and psychological-has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.
TdtV ( ② Some people like to say. “Let bygones be bygones.” This is especially the case for misanthropes who hate to recall their past events. They hate their fellow-men; they hate everybody, perhaps themselves too. They never fall back on the happy memories of their past. In time of loneliness, instead of enriching their minds by enjoying their happy memories, they blame this world for being cold. Yet we may have something very funny in the past. Why not warm up your coldness by recalling them?
+v Bi7#& (3)主題句位于段尾。主題句出現在段尾時，通常起到制造懸念（見例①）和總
} M#e\neii 結歸納（見例②）的作用。例如：
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