2011年川大博士研究生入學考試
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qV/"30, K 考試注意事項
G"O %u|7 1. 本試題5大題，共10頁，請考生注意檢查，考試時間180分鐘。
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2 2. 1 – 70題答案請填在機讀卡上相應處，否則不給分。
ZT"?W $ 3. 翻譯和作文寫在答題紙上，寫在試題上無效。中、英文翻譯應做到字跡清晰、書寫工整。
S]K^wj[ I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):
QEQ8gfN9> Passage One
zOg#= ql The ancient ideal was characterized by balance, proportion, a sense of sane limits in human affairs----an ideal announced humbly enough by the Greek potter (molding his wares with careful symmetry and decorating them in a spare, linear fashion) but reverberating throughout society and literature. The two famous Greek proverbs “nothing in excess” and “know yourself” are both admonitions for the life of balance and limits. Aristotle made the first the keystone of his ethical system. The second, so closely associated with Socrates, was not a plea for psychoanalytic or Christian soul-searching: it meant instead that men must know their limits, particularly as mortals in relation to the divine, and be careful not to overstep them. What happened when men did overstep their limits was the favorite, indeed the definitive, subject of Greek tragedy.
[B+ o4+K3 With an appreciation of formal balance in art and life came the tendency to be superficial; and the Greeks would not have regarded this as a criticism. The idea of, in fact the obsession with, plumbing the depths of any experience belonged rather to Western European culture. The ancients appreciated the linear, the superficial, the immediate, and the tactile in mathematics, art, and ethics as well. Hence conscience played a relatively small role in ancient ethics: crimes against individuals or the state and impiety toward the gods were acts committed at a definite time and place; sins thought but not acted upon did not matter. Another aspect of the superficial was that the Greeks had comparatively little concern for history. The past did not weigh heavily upon them, as it did upon the men of Western Europe, for the ancient world itself had no ancient world against which to measure its achievements. Nor did the ancient man care to look far into the future, for there was nothing like the Christian concept of millennium or the secular notion of progress to direct his gaze. As Spengler put it, “The classical life exhausted itself in the completeness of the moment.”
",#rI+ el The limit of the ancient gaze was not only a temporal one. Most philosophers had no difficulty finding the physical limits of the universe: it was the sphere of the fixed stars, beyond which there was absolutely nothing. In social terms, a contentment with limited resources expressed itself in a steady-state economy and in a disinterest in technological innovation. The inventor at least had an honored, if not prominent, place in Greek mythology, but the explorer was a character type seldom found in ancient literature or ancient history. Odysseus was not really an explorer, but a wanderer, trying his best to get home, and Alexander the Great marched from Macedonia to India as a conqueror, not an explorer. The Greeks were gifted sailors and brazen enough to face the sea in small, wooden boats, yet they seldom ventured beyond the Pillars of Heracles. How complacent they seem when judged by the Western European standard.
0 m";=:(w 1. Why were explorers seldom found in ancient literature?
a_x$I? , A.Because only inventors were held in people’s esteem in ancient time.
rv9qF |2r{ B.Because technological innovation was something impossible in ancient time.
y!blp>V6 C.Because people’s perception of the universe was limited in ancient time.
t=xO12Z D.Because wanderers were more welcome than explorers in ancient time.
O|4~$7 2.Why did Spengler say “The classical life exhausted itself in the completeness of the moment”?
[9'5 +RXw3 A.The classical life disappeared when the ancient world came to its end.
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